NorthStar Battery and Eternity Technologies Announce OPzV Battery Collaboration NorthStar Battery and Eternity Technologies join forces to launch a new tubular 2V OPzV battery range with capacities from 300-3000 Ah, to be sold exclusively by NorthStar for the ecom market. For more than a decade, NorthStar have designed and manufactured high performance AGM batteries in the USA for ecom Power Systems, Uninterruptible Power Supplies and Engine Start applications in more than 120 countries. Eternity Technologies is a leader in the 2V motive market, with a brand new state-of-the-art facility in the UAE, and a global customer base that includes several worldwide material handling equipment suppliers. With the latest robotic processing technology, and advanced environmental control systems, NorthStar and Eternity deliver the most reliable and consistent products in the industry. NorthStar CEO Hans Liden says the modern approach and strong customer focus of both companies will breathe new life into the standby power market. "We're very excited about the possibilities of this partnership - it's a natural fit," says Liden. "Both companies take pride in putting customers first, meeting their high demands with our advanced manufacturing and innovative solutions, as well as our commitment to environmental responsibility." Last year, the Missouri Water Environment Association presented NorthStar Battery with the Gold Industrial Wastewater Pretreatment Award at MWEA's Annual meeting. In 2012 Eternity was awarded the prestigious Gold Environmental Performance Certificate by the UAE's Ministry of Environment and Water. Eternity CEO Dr. James Mark Stevenson sees the collaboration as a strategic expansion of their product range that will drive new business opportunities. "We've had a lot of success in the global motive power market and together with NorthStar we now will deliver our high quality products to a new range of customers," says Stevenson. "With our combined expertise and manufacturing excellence we will have a very attractive offer for the market place." The new OPzV range will be built in the UAE based on collaborative designs between the NorthStar and Eternity engineering teams, with deliveries starting Q1/Q2 2015 depending on model. (1)正極活性物質(zhì)軟化脫落
VRLA蓄電池在循環(huán)使用條件下,電池的失效主要是由正極活性物質(zhì)(PAM)的軟化、脫落所致。
鉛酸電池循環(huán)過(guò)程中,正、負(fù)極活性物質(zhì)經(jīng)歷了可逆的溶解再沉積過(guò)程,改變了多孔二氧化鉛電極的結(jié)構(gòu)。尤其對(duì)二氧化鉛電極,可能會(huì)引起表觀體積的增加,改變顆粒和孔尺寸的分布,多孔二氧化鉛結(jié)構(gòu)中顆粒之間的機(jī)械結(jié)合性能和導(dǎo)電性能降低,隨著循環(huán)的繼續(xù),這種情況還會(huì)進(jìn)一步的惡化,結(jié)果使得該區(qū)域的活性物質(zhì)軟化和脫落。
(2)放電電流對(duì)蓄電池壽命影響
在光伏系統(tǒng)中,蓄電池的放電電流非常小。在小電流條件下形成的PbSO4比大電流條件下形成的PbSO4轉(zhuǎn)化困難得多。這是因?yàn)樵谛‰娏鳁l件下形成的PbSO4結(jié)晶顆粒要比大電流條件下形成的PbSO4結(jié)晶顆粒粗大,粗大的PbSO4結(jié)晶顆粒減少了PbSO4的有效面積,這樣在再充時(shí)加速了極板極化,導(dǎo)致PbSO4轉(zhuǎn)化困難,隨著循環(huán)的繼續(xù),這種情況還會(huì)更加加劇,結(jié)果使得極板充不進(jìn)電,導(dǎo)致蓄電池壽命終止。
(3)深度放電后蓄電池容量恢復(fù)
在光伏系統(tǒng)中,蓄電池的放電率要比蓄電池應(yīng)用在其它場(chǎng)合低,通常介于C20~C240,甚至更低。小電流下深度放電意味著極板上的活性物質(zhì)將得到更充分的利用。在許多光伏系統(tǒng)中,通常不會(huì)發(fā)生深度放電,除非充電系統(tǒng)出現(xiàn)故障或者持續(xù)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間的壞天氣。在這種情況下,如果蓄電池得不到及時(shí)的再充電,硫化問(wèn)題將更加嚴(yán)重,進(jìn)一步導(dǎo)致容量損失。
(4)酸分層對(duì)蓄電池壽命影響
電解液分層現(xiàn)象是由于重力的作用在電池的充放電過(guò)程中產(chǎn)生的,即充電時(shí)正負(fù)極板表面都產(chǎn)生H2SO4,它的密度大,因重力的作用而下沉。在放電時(shí),正負(fù)極板表面均消耗H2SO4,故表面液層密度小,低密度的電解液順著極板間上升,而極群上部高密度的電解液則從極群側(cè)面向下,電解液流動(dòng)的結(jié)果造成了上部密度低、下部密度高。分層現(xiàn)象的產(chǎn)生對(duì)蓄電池的使用壽命和容量均產(chǎn)生不利影響,加速了板柵的腐蝕和正極活物質(zhì)的脫落,導(dǎo)致負(fù)極板硫酸鹽化。
(5)電液密度對(duì)鉛蓄電池壽命的影響
電解液的濃度不僅與蓄電池的容量有關(guān),而且與正極板柵的腐蝕和負(fù)極活性物質(zhì)硫酸鹽化有關(guān)。過(guò)高的硫酸濃度加速了正極板柵的腐蝕和負(fù)極活性物質(zhì)硫酸鹽化,并導(dǎo)致失水加劇。
(6)板柵合金的影響
VRLA蓄電池,由于長(zhǎng)期使用,正極板柵會(huì)在電解液的作用下逐步腐蝕并長(zhǎng)大,板柵的長(zhǎng)大使活物質(zhì)和板柵的結(jié)合性降低,從而導(dǎo)致電池容量逐漸喪失。這種正極板柵的腐蝕和長(zhǎng)大主要受板柵的合金組成、電解液密度以及板柵筋條形狀等因素的影響。
在蓄電池充電過(guò)程中,板柵和活性物質(zhì)的接口上形成非導(dǎo)電層,這些非導(dǎo)電層或低導(dǎo)電性層在板柵和PAM界面引起了高的阻抗,導(dǎo)致充放電時(shí)發(fā)熱和板柵附近PAM膨脹,從而限制了電池的容量(即所謂的PCL效應(yīng))。
(7)極板的厚度的影響
極板的厚度應(yīng)屬于電池設(shè)計(jì)方面的問(wèn)題,一般來(lái)說(shuō),較厚極板的循環(huán)壽命要長(zhǎng)于較薄極板,而活性物質(zhì)利用率相比之下要差一些。但有利于循環(huán)循環(huán)壽命的延長(zhǎng)。
(8)裝配壓力的影
裝配壓力對(duì)VRLA電池壽命有很大影響,AGM隔板彈性差,組裝時(shí),極群不加壓或壓力過(guò)小,隔板和極板之間不能保持良好的接觸,電池容量大大下降。
在循環(huán)過(guò)程中,活性物質(zhì)的膨脹、疏松、脫落是電池壽命提前終結(jié)的原因之一,而采用較高的裝配壓力可以防止活性物質(zhì)在深循環(huán)過(guò)程中的膨脹。若裝配壓力太低,還會(huì)導(dǎo)致隔板過(guò)早地與極板分離,引起電液傳輸困難,電池內(nèi)阻迅速增大,容易導(dǎo)致蓄電池壽命終止。因此,采用較高的裝配壓力是電池具有長(zhǎng)循環(huán)壽命的保證。
(9)溫度的影響
高溫對(duì)蓄電池失水干涸、熱失控、正極板柵腐蝕和變形等都起到加速作用,低溫會(huì)引起負(fù)極失效,溫度波動(dòng)會(huì)加速枝晶短路等等,這些都將影響電池壽命。在一定環(huán)境溫度范圍放電時(shí),使用容量隨溫度升高而增加,隨溫度降低而減小。在環(huán)境溫度10~45℃范圍內(nèi),鉛蓄電池容量隨溫度升高而增加,如閥控密封鉛蓄電池在40℃下放電電量,比在25℃下放電的電量大10%左右,但是,超過(guò)一定溫度范圍,則相反,如在環(huán)境溫度45~50℃條件下放電,則電池容量明顯減小。低溫(<5℃)時(shí),電池容量隨溫度降低而減小,電解液溫度降低時(shí),其粘度增大,離子運(yùn)動(dòng)受到較大阻力,擴(kuò)散能力降低;在低溫下電解液的電阻也增大,電化學(xué)的反應(yīng)阻力增加,結(jié)果導(dǎo)致蓄電池容量下降。其次低溫還會(huì)導(dǎo)致負(fù)極活性物質(zhì)利用率下降,影響蓄電池容量,如電池在-10℃環(huán)境溫度環(huán)境溫度下放電時(shí),負(fù)極板容量?jī)H達(dá)35%額定容量。 |
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